Canine transmissible venereal tumor - From general to molecular characteristics: A review.

Cancer is a group of complex diseases resulting from the accumulation of genetic and epigenetic changes affecting control and activity of several genes, especially those involved in cell differentiation and growth processes, leading to an abnormal proliferation. When the disease reaches an advanced stage, cancer can lead to metastasis in other organs. Interestingly, recent studies have shown that some types of cancer spread not only through the body, but also can be transmitted among individuals. Therefore, these cancers are known as transmissible tumors. Among the three types of transmissible tumors that occur in nature, the canine transmissible venereal tumor (CTVT) is known as the oldest cancer in the world, since it was originated from a single individual 11 000 years ago. The disease has a worldwide distribution, and its occurrence has been documented since 1810. The CTVT presents three types of cytomorphological classification: lymphocytoid type, mixed type, and plasmacytoid type, the latter being chemoresistant due to overexpression of the ABCB1 gene, and consequently increase of the P-glycoprotein. More knowledge about the epidemiology and evolution of CTVT may help to elucidate the pathway and form of the global spread of the disease.

Morfologia e morfometria da traqueia da preguiça (bradypus variegatus): conhecimentos para procedimentos de emergência / Morphological and morphometric trachea sloth (bradypus variegatus): knowledge for emergency procedures

Por ser uma espécie pouco estudada, principalmente do ponto de vista morfológico, objetivou-se conhecer a anatomia da traqueia da preguiça (Bradypus variegatus) a fim de fornecer informações para facilitar a eleição de tubo endotraqueal adequado, máscara laríngea ou cânula de traqueostomia para anestesia e procedimentos de emergência, uma vez que a mesma revelou-se possuidora de uma morfologia especial. Foram investigados 11animais jovens de idades diferentes, sendo quatro machos e sete fêmeas, provenientes do Museu Emilio Goeldi e doados a UFRA. Os exemplares foram perfundidos via intramuscular com solução aquosa de formol a 10% para fins de conservação e posteriormente foram dissecados em nível cervico-torácico, por meio de mesoscopia, expondo-se desde a laringe até os brônquios principais direito e esquerdo ao nível do hilo pulmonar. As traqueias foram divididas em cinco regiões (região cervical, região da primeira flexura, região da segunda flexura, região da terceira flexura e região da carina) as quais foram mensuradas altura e largura, assim como o comprimento traqueal total e parte do material foi submetido à técnicas de rotina histológica. Macroscopicamente, destacou-se a presença de sinuosidades acentuadas em porção médio caudal, contemplando a carina. O comprimento médio traqueal foi de 14,6cm. Microscopicamente, a traqueia era constituída por placas separadas de cartilagem hialina constituindo cada anel, sendo revestido por epitélio estratificado ciliado. Apesar da traqueia da preguiça comum apresentar revestimento padrão encontrado na traqueia de outros animais, na literatura não há registros de outras espécies que tenham morfologia macroscópica nas condições descritas, o que nos leva a sugerir, quando necessário acesso para ventilação de emergência, a prática da IOT e não a de traqueostomia.

As the sloth (Bradypus variegatus) is a little studied species, especially from a morphological point of view, this research aimed to define the anatomy of its trachea. The information would facilitate the selection of a proper endotracheal tube, laryngeal mask or tracheostomy tube for anesthesia and emergency procedures, since it appeared to have a special morphology. Eleven young animals of different ages were investigated, four males and seven females, obtained from the Emilio Goeldi Museum and donated to UFRA. The specimens were infused intramuscularly with 10% aqueous formaldehyde for preservation and were later dissected at the cervico-thoracic level, by mesoscopia, exposing the area from the larynx to the right and left primary bronchi at the hilum. The tracheae were divided into five regions (cervical, first flexure, second flexure, third flexure, and carina) for which length and width were measured, as well as the total tracheal length. Sharp windings were seen in the middle caudal portion, including the carina. The average tracheal length was 14.6 cm. Microscopically, the trachea was made up of separate plates of hyaline cartilage forming each ring, lined with ciliated epithelium. Despite the trachea of the common sloth displaying the same lining pattern found in other animals, there are no reports in the literature of other species having a macroscopic morphology as described here, which leads us to suggest, where appropriate access to emergency ventilation, the practice of IOT and not tracheostomy.